Antibody that specifically binds to Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase

ABSTRACT

A new cytosine deaminase gene and protein from  Candida kefyr  are provided. This protein has increased ability to convert the 5-fluorocytosine prodrug to its toxic form when compared against the  E. coli  enzyme.

PRIOR RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 10/744,548 filed Dec. 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,141,404 whichclaims benefit under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/436,707 filed Dec. 27, 2002, entitled “Candida kefyr CytosineDeaminase,” both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH STATEMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

A sequence listing with 24 sequences is attached hereto.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a cytosine deaminase (CD) protein and cDNA fromthe yeast Candida kefyr, variants of the same and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cytosine deaminase (CD) is an enzyme that converts cytosine to uracil.The bacterial and fungal versions of this enzyme can also convert5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5FU). However, the human andmouse enzyme does not recognize 5FC as a substrate. Bacterial and fungalCD converts 5FC to 5FU, which is then converted to 5-fluoro-deoxyuridinemonophosphate (5FdUMP) in all species. 5FdUMP is an irreversibleinhibitor of thymidylate synthase, and the accumulation of 5FdUMP leadsto cell death by inhibiting DNA synthesis via deoxythymidinetriphosphate (dTTP) deprivation.

Because the human CD gene does not convert 5FC to 5FU, the pro-drug 5FCis only toxic in those human cells that are engineered to express abacterial or fungal CD gene. This has been used to advantage in treatingtumors, and is an example of a “suicide gene” system. The tumors aretransformed with a bacterial or fungal CD gene, usually by directinjection, implantation or systemic administration of a vectorcontaining the CD gene. The patient is then treated with 5FC and thetoxic effects of 5FU lead to death of the transformed cells thatcontinue to divide.

The suicide gene system has been studied extensively as an approach totreat malignant tumors. One of the advantages of the system is thatincorporation of the suicide gene into every tumor cell is not necessaryfor effective therapy; complete tumor responses have been reported inanimals when less than 20% of the cells expressed the suicide gene. Thisphenomenon is known as the “bystander effect,” and is based on thecontinued toxicity of the drug to neighboring cells when a particularcell dies and releases its drug load (6).

The suicide gene system requires accurate targeting because geneexpression in a normal cell followed by exposure to the pro-drug willkill the cell when it attempts to divide. This problem has beenaddressed by placing the suicide gene under control of a tissue-specific(or preferentially a tumor-specific) promoter so that the gene will beexpressed only in a select population of targeted cells. Thealpha-fetoprotein promoter, which is preferentially activated inhepatoma cells, is an example of such an approach (8). Because manypromoter sequences are not completely tumor specific, the suicide genemay be also be expressed in some amount of healthy tissue. This is notfatal to efficacy, however, because like most chemotherapy, the premiseof the treatment is that actively dividing cells are preferentiallytargeted by the drug.

Although suicide genes are a promising approach for the specifictargeting of tumors, there is room for improvement in most aspects ofthe system. In particular, an enzyme with increased activity would allowthe use of lower doses of 5FC, and avoid the reported immunosuppressiveeffects of high 5FC doses. The present invention provides one suchimprovement.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The term “fusion” is used to refer to chemically linked polypeptides (ornucleic acid encoding such polypeptide), to another peptide (or nucleicacid encoding same) with a known property which can be utilized toimpart the known property on the entire fusion protein. The use offusions is common in the art to facilitate protein purification and forvisualizing the protein of interest. An example of a protein fusion isthe expression of proteins from vector where the protein is operablylinked to an intein (a self cleaving protein) which is operably linkedto a binding domain. By affixing the substrate of the binding domain toa solid surface, the protein of interest can be bound to the surface,rinsed, and released under conditions which induce intein cleavage.Other examples of fusions include the use of antigenic tags (such as HISor FLAG) that can be used to isolate or visualize the tagged protein.

The term “humanized,” as used herein, refers to protein coding sequencesin which the codons have been converted to codons utilized morefrequently in a human gene, while still retaining the original aminoacid sequence. Similarly, “E. coli bias” refers to a gene optimized forexpression in E. coli.

The term “isolated,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid orpolypeptide removed from its native environment. An example of anisolated protein is a protein bound by a polyclonal antibody, rinsed toremove cellular debris, and utilized without further processing.Salt-cut protein preparations, size fractionated preparation,affinity-absorbed preparations, recombinant genes, recombinant protein,cell extracts from host cells that expressed the recombinant nucleicacid, media into which the recombinant protein has been secreted, andthe like are also included. The term “isolated” is used because, forexample, a protein bound to a solid support via another protein is atmost 50% pure, yet isolated proteins are commonly and reliably used inthe art.

“Purified,” as used herein refers to nucleic acids or polypeptidesseparated from their natural environment so that they are at least 95%of total nucleic acid or polypeptide in a given sample. Protein purityis assessed herein by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Nucleic acid purityis assessed by agarose gel and EtBr staining.

The term “substantially purified,” as used herein, refers to nucleicacid or protein sequences that are removed from their naturalenvironment and are at least 75% pure. Preferably, at least 80, 85, or90% purity is attained.

The phrases “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence,” as used herein,refers to polynucleotides, which may be gDNA, cDNA or RNA and which maybe single-stranded or double-stranded. The term also includes peptidenucleic acid (PNA), or to any chemically DNA-like or RNA-like material.“cDNA” refers to copy DNA made from mRNA that is naturally occurring ina cell. “gDNA” refers to genomic DNA. Combinations of the same are alsopossible (i.e., a recombinant nucleic acid that is part gDNA and partcDNA).

“Fragments” refers to those polypeptides (or nucleic acid sequencesencoding such polypeptides) retaining antigenicity, a structural domain,or an enzymatic activity of the full-length protein. The “enzymaticactivity” of the CD protein is herein defined to be the conversion of5FC to 5FU. “Structural domains” including the conserved cytosinedeaminase domain (residues 3-104) are as indicated in FIG. 5.

The term “oligonucleotide,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acidsequence of at least about 15 nucleotides to 100 nucleotides, and allintegers between. Preferably, oligonucleotides are about 18 to 30nucleotides, and most preferably about 20 to 25 nucleotides. Generally,an oligonucleotide must be greater than 22 to 25 nucleotides long forspecificity, although shorter oligonucleotides will suffice in certainapplications.

The terms “operably associated” or “operably linked,” as used herein,refer to functionally coupled nucleic acid sequences.

A “variant” of CD polypeptides, as used herein, refers to an amino acidsequence that is altered by one or more amino acid residues. Suchvariations may be naturally occurring or synthetically prepared. Commonvariants include “conservative” changes, truncations, and domain removalor swapping with similar proteins. Guidance in determining which aminoacid residues may be substituted, inserted, or deleted withoutabolishing biological or immunological activity may be found usingcomputer programs well known in the art, for example, LASERGENE™software, and comparison against the many known CD genes.

The term “naturally occurring variant,” includes those protein ornucleic acid alleles that are naturally found in the population inquestion. The naturally occurring allelic variants may be point, splice,or other types of naturally occurring variations.

“High Stringency” refers to wash conditions of 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65°C. “Medium stringency” refers to wash conditions of 0.2×SSC 0.1% SDS at55° C.

In calculating “% identity” the unaligned terminal portions of the querysequence are not included in the calculation. The identity is calculatedover the entire length of the reference sequence, thus short localalignments with a query sequence are not relevant (e.g., %identity=number of aligned residues in the query sequence/length ofreference sequence). Alignments are performed using BLAST homologyalignment as described by Tatusova TA & Madden TL (1999) FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 174:247-250. The default parameters were used, except the filtersare turned OFF. As of Jan. 1, 2001 the default parameters were asfollows: BLASTN or BLASTP as appropriate; Matrix=none for BLASTN,BLOSUM62 for BLASTP; G Cost to open gap default=5 for nucleotides, 11for proteins; E Cost to extend gap [Integer] default=2 for nucleotides,1 for proteins; q Penalty for nucleotide mismatch [Integer] default=−3;r reward for nucleotide match [Integer] default=1; e expect value [Real]default=10; W wordsize [Integer] default=11 for nucleotides, 3 forproteins; y Dropoff (X) for blast extensions in bits (default if zero)default=20 for blastn, 7 for other programs; X dropoff value for gappedalignment (in bits) 30 for blastn, 15 for other programs; Z final Xdropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits) 50 for blastn, 25 for otherprograms. This program is available online atwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/.

Candida kefyr (a.k.a. Candida pseudotropicalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus,Kluyveromyces fragilis) CD is an improvement over the several prior artcytosine deaminase proteins. C. kefyr CD has significantly lowerexpression levels than E. coli CD (to date), but its activity is muchhigher in converting 5FC to 5FU. Further, 5FC is a better substrate forC. kefyr CD than is the natural substrate, cytosine. Table 1 provides alisting of sequences taught herein.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO AND DESCRIPTION SEQ ID NO: TYPE Length Name andDescription 1 cDNA 456 nt Wild type Candida kefyr CD cDNA 2 Peptide 152aa Wild type Candida kefyr CD protein 3 cDNA 456 nt Variant Candidakefyr CD cDNA with 74C→T, 99T→C, 159T→A, 243T→C, 309C→T, 336A→G, 365A→G4 Peptide 152 aa Variant Candida kefyr CD protein D33E 5 Peptide 158 aaWild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae CD protein 6 Peptide 150 aa Wild typeCandida albicans CD protein 7 cDNA 459 nt E. coli biased Candida kefyrCD cDNA (incl. stop codon) 8 cDNA 459 nt Humanized Candida kefyr CD cDNA(incl. stop codon) 9 cDNA 459 nt Humanized Candida kefyr CD cDNA withimmunogenic CpG's removed (incl. stop codon) 10 cDNA 1104 nt Candidakefyr CD-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (FUR1) fusion protein cDNA. 11Oligo 18 Probe 1 12 Oligo 18 Probe 2 13 Oligo 18 Probe 3 14 Oligo 15Probe 4 15 Oligo 15 Probe 5 16 Oligo 30 CK 5′ Long 17 Oligo 30 CK 3′Long 18 Oligo 33 CK 5′ Nest 19 Oligo 30 CK 3′ Nest 20 Oligo 39 CK 5′BamH1 21 Oligo 32 CK 3′ Xho1 (no stop) 22 Oligo 33 CK 3′ Pst1 (stop) 23Peptide 16 C. kefyr CD Epitope 1 24 Peptide 18 C. kefyr CD Epitope 2

Other protein variants are described in Table 2 with reference to SEQ IDNO: 2.

TABLE 2 CD VARIANTS SEQ ID NO: 2 Variant % ID Activity D33E-3′FLAG151/152 Mutant tested and has less activity (99%) than the protein ofSEQ ID NO: 2 D33E 151/152 Mutant not yet made, but may have (99%)decreased activity I92L/L93I/I97L 149/152 Expected to have 800 fold lessthan (98%) wild-type because this mutant is shown to be less active inother yeast species. See WO199960008. T80S/T81S/T89S/ 148/152 Expectedto have 800 fold less than Y95S (97%) wild-type, see above. S42K/R47K150/152 Expected to have 100 fold less than (99%) wild-type, see above.K129R/K136R 150/152 Expected to have 800 fold less than (99%) wild-type,see above. Δ1 151/152 Met-free variant, expected to have (99%) wild typeactivity. Δ1-2 150/152 Deleting first two amino acids which (99%) aremissing in the consensus protein, expected to have activity. Δ1-8144/152 Alternate start codon, expected to (95%) have activity. Δ1-9143/152 Met-free variant using alternate (94%) start codon, encodes thecytidine and deoxycytidylate deaminase zinc- binding region, expected tohave some activity. Single E to D 151/152 Not expected to changeactivity mutations, at (99%) since change conservative and positions 3,38, residue not conserved in yeast. 114, 138 Single D to E 151/152 Notexpected to change activity mutation at (99%) since change conservativeand position 33 residue not conserved in yeast. Single K to R 151/152Not expected to change activity mutation, esp. (99%) since changeconservative and at positions 11, residue not conserved in yeast. 69,124, 129, and 141

The invention is generally directed to protein and gene or cDNA sequenceof C. kefyr cytosine deaminase of amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 orSEQ ID NO: 4. Variations of the cDNA encoding the protein are provided,including an E. coli biased CD cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 7), a humanized CD cDNA(SEQ ID NO: 8), and a humanized and CpG-free CD cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 9).Fusions are also provided, in particular the CD-uracilphosphoribosyltransferase fusion (SEQ ID NO: 10) and a CD-FLAG fusion(see table 2).

The nucleic acid sequences can be used in traditional suicide genetherapy methodologies. Suicide gene therapies are in phase I, II and IIIclinical trials, and are well established treatment supplements oralternatives. The C. kefyr gene provides an advantage over currentsuicide gene sequences because lower amounts of 5FC are needed fortherapy, due to the protein's improved ability to convert 5FC to 5FU.The gene also has uses in preparing large amounts of protein forbiochemical characterization, preparation of antibodies, and the like.

A large number of variant protein sequences are provided, based on boththe known homologies with prior art sequences and on the predictedcharacteristics of the protein, as shown in tables 1-3 and FIGS. 5 and6. The range of mutants provided all are within 94% amino acid identityto the wild type sequence as disclosed. The closest prior art sequencehas only 74% amino acid identity to the C. kefyr cytosine deaminaseprotein.

Antigenic fragments of C. kefyr cytosine deaminase are also provided,which have already been used to successfully generate antibodies of theinvention. The antigenic fragments can be selected to be unique orconserved, as shown in table 5. Similarly, fragments of the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3 can be used as oligonucleotide probes oras primers in a variety of methods. Larger fragments can also be used asprobes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1).The cDNA was cloned by PCR amplification using primers from thoseportions of sequence that were conserved among the prior art fungalsequences.

FIG. 2. Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2). The amino acid sequence was derived from the nucleotide sequence ofthe cDNA.

FIG. 3. Variant Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase cDNA sequence with74C→T, 99T→C, 159T→A, 243T→C, 309C→T, 336A→G, 365A→G (SEQ ID NO: 3). Thevariant CD protein was obtained from a different clone amplified usingthe previously described system.

FIG. 4. Variant Candida kefyr Cytosine deaminase amino acid sequenceD33E (SEQ ID NO: 4). The amino acid sequence was derived from thenucleotide sequence of the cDNA in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5. CD Multiple Sequence Alignment with Candida kefyr (SEQ ID NO:2), S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO: 5), C. albicans (SEQ ID NO: 6), and the CDconsensus sequence. The S. cerevisiae sequence was obtained from GenBankaccession number NP_(—)015387. The C. albicans sequence was obtainedfrom GenBank accession number AAC15782. The consensus sequence wasobtained from the Pfam database of protein domains and HMMs(pfam.wustl.edu/index.html) accession number PF00383. The sequences inFASTA format were aligned according to Higgins (7), using the defaultparameters www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw). Default settings as of Jun. 20, 2002were: CPU mode=clustalw_mp; alignment=full; output format=aln w/numbers;output order=aligned; color alignment=no; KTUP=def; window length=def;score=percent; topdiag=def; pairgap=def; phylogenetic tree=none (off,off); matrix=def; gap open=def; end gaps=def; gap extension=def; gapdistances=def; tree type=cladogram; tree gap distance=hide.

FIG. 6. Pairwise alignment with S. cerevisiae sequence. Sequences werealigned at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/.

FIG. 7. Western Blot Using Anti-FLAG. An anti-FLAG antibody is used toconfirm expression of the CD constructs, including CK-CD-FLAG andE-CD-FLAG. The bacterial protein is much more strongly expressed thanthe yeast protein.

FIG. 8. Titration of CK-CD-FLAG and E-CD-FLAG. 30 μl of CK-CD-FLAGlysate is about equal to 3 μl of E-CD-FLAG lysate when tested by Westernblot with anti-FLAG antibody. This suggests that the CK-CD-FLAG proteinis about ten-fold less well expressed than the E-CD-FLAG. Yet, controlexperiments (with a co-transfected GFP containing vector, not shown)show roughly equivalent transfection efficiencies.

FIG. 9. Cytosine to Uracil Assay. Equal amounts of cell lysate areassayed for cytosine to uracil conversion at 37° C. in a 16 hour assay.Activities of CK-CD-FLAG, CK-CD, E-CD-FLAG, and E-CD are shown, and itis apparent that CK-CD without the FLAG tag is much more active than theprotein with the FLAG tag. This may represent increased expression oractivity or some combination thereof.

FIG. 10. 5FC to 5FU Assay at Different Temperatures. Equal amounts ofcell lysate are assayed for cytosine to uracil conversion at 37° C. in a2 hour assay at the indicated temperatures. CK-CD is much more activethan CK-CD-FLAG, and this may reflect better expression, activity orboth. Both tagged and untagged yeast CD are more active against 5FC thanthe bacterial protein.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to the Candida kefyr cytosinedeaminase (CK-CD) protein and cDNA sequence. Also included are i) E.coli biased and humanized DNA sequences encoding CD, ii) antigenicpolypeptide fragments and antibodies to same, iii) variants predicted toretain functional activity based on comparison with the large number ofproteins in this family and inactive mutants, iv) naturally occurringvariants, v) fusion proteins, such as FLAG, GFP, luciferase, uracilphosphoribosyltransferase, and monoclonal antibody fusions.

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning and Sequence Characterization of CD

Genomic DNA for Candida kefyr was purchased from ATCC. Amino acidsequence alignment of known fungal cytosine deaminase genes FCA1 (C.albicans) and FCY1 (S. cerevisiae) were used to design degenerativeprimers for regions of the genes that were homologous. Theoligonucleotides were as follows:

Primer Sequence Probe 1 = SEQ ID NO:11 ATG TGT ACT GGT GCT ATT Probe 2= SEQ ID NO:12 GGT GAA AAC GTT AAC TTC Probe 3 = SEQ ID NO:13 GGT GAAAAC GTC AAC TTC Probe 4 = SEQ ID NO:14 GAA GAT ATT GGT GAA Probe 5 = SEQID NO:15 GAA GAC ATT GGT GAA

Polymerase chain reaction was performed with the described primers and0.1 μg genomic DNA under the following conditions:

 1 μl (0.1 μg) DNA  1 μl dNTP mix (10 μM)  5 μl 10X Pfu polymerasebuffer  1 μl Probe 1 (5′ primer) (10 μM)  1 μl Probe 2, 3, 4, or 5 (3′primer) (10 μM)  1 μl Pfu Turbo polymerase (4 units) (STRATAGENE ™) 40μl ddH2O

Reaction conditions were as follows: 94° C. for 3 minutes (1 cycle),followed by 25 cycles of 94° C. 45 seconds, 40° C. for 45 seconds, 72°C. for 30 seconds. Ten μl of the reactions were run on a 3% agarose gel.Based on the sequence alignment of the known CD genes, expected fragmentsizes were expected to be between 66 and 200 base pairs, depending onprimer set used in reaction, and the CK PCR produced the expectedfragments. These fragments were excised from the agarose gel andsubcloned into pCRScript cloning vector (STRATAGENE™, La Jolla, Calif.).Plasmid DNA was purified and analyzed by restriction digest for clonescontaining correct insert size. The plasmid DNA was sequenced by ResGenLaboratories (INVITROGEN™, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Based on the sequence of the clones described above, primers weredesigned and synthesized for use in a Genome Walker™ kit (CLONTECH™,Palo Alto, Calif.) to isolate the full length CD gene of C. kefyr. Theoligonucleotides used with the kit were as follows:

Primer Sequence CK 5′ Long = GGCCGTGTTGTCATTGGTGAAAACGTCAAC SEQ ID NO:16CK 3′ Long = GGTCTCTTTTCAATGAACTCCTTCATTATA SEQ ID NO:17 CK 5′ Nest =GTTGTCATTGGTGAAAACGTCAACTTCAAAAGC SEQ ID NO:18 CK 3′ Nest =AATGAACTCCTTCATTATATCGATACAGCG SEQ ID NO:19

“Libraries” were created and PCR performed as described in the GenomeWalker kit protocol. The PCR products were subcloned into pcDNA2.1(INVITROGEN™), plasmid DNA purified and clones sent for sequencing toResGen Laboratories. Sequences for the 5′ and 3′ ends of C. kefyr genewere determined and oligonucleotides containing restriction enzyme sites(italicized) and a mammalian Kozak sequence (bold) were designed andsynthesized as follows:

Primer Sequence CK5′ CTTGGGATCCGCCACCATGGCTGAATGGGATCAAAAGGG BamH1 = SEQID NO:20 CK 3′Xho1 CTTGCTCGAGTTCGCCAATGTCTTCGTACCAG (no stop) = SEQ IDNO:21 CK3′ Pst1 CTTGCTGCAGCTATTCGCCAATGTCTTCGTACC (Stop) = SEQ ID NO:22

The full length CD gene was isolated via PCR from C. kefyr genomic DNAunder the following conditions:

2 μl (0.2 μg) genomic DNA 1 μl dNTP mix (10 μM) 5 μl 10X pfu rxn buffer1 μl 5′ primer (10 μM) 1 μl 3′ primer (10 μM) 1 μl Pfu Turbo DNApolymerase (4 units) 39 μl ddH2O

25 cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 65° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for1 minute were run in a thermocycler. PCR products were analyzed byagarose gel with ethidium bromide staining. The fragments were digestedwith the appropriate restriction enzymes and subcloned by standardmethods into pCMV4A vector (STRATAGENE™). The sequence of cytosinedeaminase gene was confirmed by ResGen Laboratories.

The clone containing the gene was deposited at ATCC PTA-4867. The clonedinsert was sequenced and is presented in FIG. 1, the translation productin FIG. 2. A naturally occurring allelic variant is shown in FIGS. 3 and4. The protein of SEQ ID NO: 2 is 152 amino acids and is characterizedas follows:

TABLE 3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Number of amino acids: 152 Molecularweight: 16819.1 Theoretical pI: 4.95 Amino acid composition: Ala 6 Arg 9Asn 5 Asp 9 Cys 5 Gln 2 Glu 16 Gly 20 His 3 Ile 11 3.9% 3.9% 3.3% 5.9%3.3% 1.3% 10.5% 13.2% 2.0% 7.2% Leu 11 Lys 11 Met 6 Phe 3 Pro 5 Ser 7Thr 9 Trp 2 Tyr 7 Val 8 7.2% 7.2% 3.9% 2.0% 3.3% 4.6%  5.9%  1.3% 4.6%5.3% Asx 0 Glx 0 Xaa 0 — — — Total number of negatively charged residues(Asp + Glu): 25 Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys):17 Formula: C735H1156N196O233S11 Total number of atoms: 2331 Estimatedhalf-life: The N-terminal of the sequence considered is M (Met). Theestimated half-life is: 30 hours (mammalian reticulocytes, invitro). >20 hours (yeast, in vivo). >10 hours (Escherichia coli, invivo). Instability index: The instability index (II) is computed to be35.20. This classifies the protein as stable. Aliphatic index: 75.66Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY): −0.410 There are no predictedmyristolation sites or n-terminal signal sequences. There is a potentialcleavage site at amino acid 118.

EXAMPLE 2 Expression of CD

Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells) were transientlytransfected with one of these constructs: CK-CD-FLAG, CK-CD, E-CD-FLAG,E-CD or vector alone (pCMV-tag4C). Control experiments were performed toconfirm that each construct was transfected with comparable efficiency.Cells co-transfected with a construct and a GFP containing plasmidindicated approximately equivalent levels of transfection.

The experimental details are as follows: 293 cells in 10 cm dishes weretransfected with 10 or 15 ÿg of CD constructs using FuGene® 6 (ROCHE™)at a DNA/FuGene® ratio of 1:3. No carrier DNA was used. Cell lysateswere collected in 1 ml of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-Cl, pH8, 150 mM NaCl,1% Triton X-100) after 48 hours by three freeze/thaw cycles using dryice for 10 minutes and room temperature for 10 minutes.

30 μl of cell lysate was separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, transferred tomembrane and then Western blotted with anti-flag monoclonal antibody ata dilution of 1:5000 (SIGMA™). The membranes were incubated with HRPconjugated goat-anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:10000, AMERSHAM™) andthe signal visualized with an ECL system (AMERSHAM™). The data in FIG. 7shows that E. coli CD-FLAG is expressed much more efficiently thanCandida kefyr CD-FLAG, although they were constructed in the samevector. Similar results were obtained (not shown) when the cells weretransfected with 2 μg of each DNA construct. Experiments are planned totest a humanized C. kefyr gene and it is expected that the humanizedgene will improve the expression levels.

Because the bacterial protein was more strongly expressed than the yeastprotein, an attempt was made to compare the levels for the amount ofexpression of the two clones. In a second Western blot, 30 μl ofCK-CD-FLAG was compared against increasing amounts of E-CD-FLAG. As seenin FIG. 8, 30 μl of CK-CD-FLAG (˜18 KD band) is roughly equivalent to 4μl of E-CD-FLAG (˜60 KD band), indicating about 7.5-fold betterexpression. In the following experiments, this ratio of cell lysates isused. The presence of a fainter band at about 38 KD may indicate thatsome portion of the CK-CD protein dimerizes.

EXAMPLE 3 Enzymatic Assay

For conversion assays, 1 μl of 100 μCi/ml either ¹⁴C-cytosine or ¹⁴C-5FC(MORAVEK BIOCHEMICALS™) was added to 45 μl of yeast CD or 6 μl ofbacterial CD cell lysates and incubated at the indicated temperaturesfor 2 or 16 hours. The reaction mixtures were loaded onto a TLC plate(LK5DF SILICA GEL, Cat. No. 4856-821, WHATMAN™) and resolved with1-butanol:H₂O (85:15) for 3 hours. The plate was then dried andvisualized by autoradiography. However, CD activity can also be assayedby 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as described by De Vito (2) andMartino (17).

Cell lysates were assayed for cytosine to uracil conversion at 37° C. ina 16 hour assay. The activities of CK-CD-FLAG (with the D33E variation),CK-CD, E-CD-FLAG, and E-CD are shown in FIG. 9. It is apparent thatCK-CD without the FLAG tag is much more active than the protein with thetag (compare lanes 1 and 2). This may represent increased expression orincreased activity or some combination thereof. This may also reflectthe D33E mutation in the CD-FLAG variant. Because the CK-CD protein isvery small, it is anticipated that the FLAG may inhibit its activity,although the prior figure also indicates that expression is alsoinhibited.

The C. kefyr CD protein was found to be far less active against cytosinethan was the E. coli CD protein (compare lanes 2 and 4). This probablyreflects the fact that the assay conditions employed were optimized forthe E. coli protein. Further, although bacterial activity seems toincrease with increased reaction time (not shown), that of the yeastprotein does not. This is confirmed in an independent assay (not shown),and may indicate that under these conditions the yeast enzyme isslightly less stable than the bacterial enzyme.

The S. cerevisiae protein is also known to be thermally instable(measured T_(1/2)=1 hr, (16)). However, structural analysis indicatesthat both yeast proteins should be more stable in mammalian cells(calculated T_(1/2)>30 hours, see Tables 3-4). Thus, we expect that thestability can be improved by optimizing the reaction conditions and thiswork is underway.

In the next experiment, we tested the activity of each enzyme against5FC. The experiment was performed as described above, but using 5FC inplace of cytosine. Further, this experiment was combined with atemperature optimization study and was performed at 4 differenttemperatures. As shown in FIG. 10, the yeast protein had a lowertemperature optima than the bacterial protein, probably reflectingtypical ambient growth conditions for each organism. However, the C.kefyr protein was sufficiently active at 37° C. for it to be useful inhuman therapies. Further, a variant with increased stability can beisolated by screening yeast grown at 37° C., as described in theExamples below.

Although the CK-CD protein was less active against cytosine, it isunexpectedly more active against 5FC than is the E. coli CD at 2 hours.This is shown in FIG. 10 where the yeast protein shows much betterconversion of 5FC to 5FU (compare lanes 1 and 3 or 2 and 4). At 16 hoursof reaction, the bacterial protein produces as much or more 5FU than theyeast protein (not shown), but as discussed above, this probablyreflects the better stability of the bacterial protein under thereaction conditions employed.

The experiment demonstrates that yeast protein is more active than thebacterial protein against the pro-drug 5FC. Thus, the Candida kefyr CDgene and protein will provide an advantage in suicide gene therapy,because decreased dosage of 5FC can be employed while still achievingcytotoxicity. Experiments are underway to confirm that the specificactivity of the yeast protein against 5FC is significantly greater thanthat of the bacterial protein.

Using the above assay, the enzyme was further characterized and comparedagainst the existing cytosine deaminase proteins. The results are asfollows:

TABLE 4 YEAST CD COMPARISON Vmax Activity AMINO T½ μM/min/μg Km %5FU/5FC by CD Species ACID % identity HR Preferred Buffer enzyme mM 0.2μg CD in 2 h Candida 152 100%  >30 n/a n/a n/a ~50% by 45 ul kefyr cellextract S. cerevisiae 158 74% >30 ¹⁶100 mM Tris, ¹⁶68.0 ± 12.0  ¹⁶0.8 ±0.2 ¹⁶77.9 ± 6.2 FCY1 131/151 (¹⁶1) pH 7.8, 1 mM EDTA C. albicans 15058% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A FCA1  86/148 Ecoli 427 none N/A ¹⁶11.7 ± 3.8 ^(l6)17.9 ± 4.4 ¹⁶16.0 ± 0.8 CD

EXAMPLE 4 Cytotoxicity Assay

The radiosensitizing effect of 5FC and 5FU in HT29, HT29/bCD, andHT29/yCD cells is determined using a standard clonogenic assay (3).Cells are treated with 5FC or 5FU at various concentrations for 24 hbefore irradiation at 37° C. in media containing 10% dialyzed serum. Theradiation survival data are corrected for plating efficiency using anonirradiated plate treated with 5FC or 5FU under the same conditions.The surviving fraction is plotted against the radiation dose, and curvesfit using the linear-quadratic equation. The radiation sensitivity isexpressed as the MID, which represents the area under the cell survivalcurve (1). Radiosensitization was expressed as the ER, which is definedas MID_(control)/MID_(treated).

To determine the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effect of 5FC and 5FU onbystander cells, cocultures of 90% bystander hygromycin-resistant HT29cells and 10% puromycin-resistant CD-transduced HT29 cells are used.Cell survival of the hygromycin-resistant HT29 cells andpuromycin-resistant CD-transduced HT29/cells is determined by platingthe cells in selective media after treatment and assessed using astandard clonogenic assay as described above.

Cytotoxicity assay—transfected cells were seeded at a density of 1×10³cells/well in a 96-well microtiterplate containing 100 μl of culturemedium. A set of sterile stock dilutions of the 10 mg/ml 5FC solutionwere prepared. One day later, increasing concentrations of 5FC was addedto the wells, and a control well without the prodrug was included. After5-7 days, the cells were washed with fresh medium and cytotoxicity wasassessed by trypan blue exclusion, using a hemocytometer to quantify theresults. The results are expected show increased cytotoxicity andbystander effect (up to 10 fold) per unit dose of 5FC compared with thebacteria, due to the increased conversion rate. Similarly, increasedactivity is expected in the CD-FUR1 fusion protein. It is not known howthe C. kefyr protein will compare with the S. cerevisiae protein, but itis known that this protein has a 22-fold lower Km and a 4-fold higherVmax for 5FC than bacterial CD protein. Thus, the activities areexpected to be roughly equivalent or perhaps somewhat better in C.kefyr, once the assay is optimized for C. kefyr.

EXAMPLE 5 Antibodies

The peptidic fragments listed in the Table are synthesized and used toinject rabbits. Polyclonal antibodies are prepared therefrom andscreened for activity. The best samples are chosen to prepare monoclonalantibodies.

TABLE 5 ANTIGENIC FRAGMENTS OF CD Residues from SEQ ID NO: 2 Marker Use42-56 Conserved Broad-range antigenic fragments 83-94 residues allowmonitoring of CD from a variety of species. 32-43 C. kefyr Specificantigenic fragments allow 58-79 specific monitoring of C. kefyr CD only.110-139  1-16 N-terminal detection (SEQ ID NO: 23)  M-136-152  C-terminal detection (SEQ ID NO: 24)

To date, we have prepared a polyclonal antibody to the peptides from theamino and carboxyl terminals of the protein, according to standardtechniques. The peptides wereMet-Ala-Glu-Trp-Asp-Gln-Lys-Gly-Met-Asp-Lys-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Glu-Cys (SEQ IDNO: 23) andCys-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Lys-Arg-Pro-Glu-Asp-Trp-Tyr-Glu-Asp-Ile-Gly-Glu(SEQ ID NO: 24).

Work is planned to isolate monoclonal antibodies for each.

EXAMPLE 6 Variants

The specific variants listed in table 2 are synthesized by site specificmutagenesis of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3. Additional variants may bemade, however, it is suggested that the conserved residues indicated bythe black boxes in FIG. 5 or 6 not be changed, unless one desires aninactive mutant. Further, changes within the cytidine anddeoxycytidylate deaminase zinc-binding region (grey box) are alsoexpected to be less well tolerated than changes outside this region.Residues that might be important to the C. kefyr CD are indicated inFIG. 6 as bold. These residues involve a change in charge as comparedwith the closest homolog and are in the binding region. Changes in theseresidues are expected to change function. Active variants are likely tobe those that involve conservative changes in those residues notconserved in the 2 yeasts, particularly those outside the bindingregion.

Variants are expressed in E. coli and screened for activity using theassay described in example 3, or any suitable assay. Alternatively,random mutagenesis is performed and the products are similarly screened.In this manner, it will be possible to isolate variants with improvedtemperature stability at 37° C. and mutants with even better activitythan that described herein.

Naturally occurring variants are isolated by screening populations ofCandida kefyr with the cDNA of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3 at high stringency.Alternatively, natural alleles can be isolated by ASO (allele specificoligonucleotide) screening using an array of overlappingoligonucleotides that provide complete coverage of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. Inyet a third alternative, mutants with higher activity can be isolated byrescue screening yeast CD mutants grown on cytosine, as a source ofpyrimidine.

EXAMPLE 7 CD-FUR1 Fusion

A fusion protein of the Candida kefyr CD gene and the uracilphosphoribosyltransferase genes (FUR1) is constructed as shown in SEQ IDNO: 10. A similar construct was made with the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCD (FCY1) (15). The FCY1-FUR1 fusion encoded a bifunctional chimericprotein that efficiently catalyzed the direct conversion of 5FC into thetoxic metabolites 5FU and 5-FdUMP, thus bypassing the natural resistanceof certain human tumor cells to 5FU. Unexpectedly, the cytosinedeaminase activity of the fusion proteins was 100-fold higher than thewild type, resulting in greatly increased sensitivity to concentrationsof 5FC (1000-fold increased sensitivity). Furthermore, the bystandereffect was also more effective with the fusion protein than either FCY1or FUR1 alone or in combination. Because the Candida kefyr gene is 74%identical to the S. cerevisiae gene, it is expected to functionsimilarly and experiments will be performed to confirm this.

Another type of multimodality therapy can be achieved with areplication-conditional herpes simplex virus 1 mutant, where the viralribonucleotide reductase gene is disrupted by sequences encoding yeastcytosine deaminase. HSV1yCD-infected cells convert 5FC to 5FU withoutsignificantly reducing viral replication and oncolysis. HSV1yCD-infectedcells are destroyed by viral replication, and uninfected cells aresubjected to bystander killing from both progeny virion andextracellular diffusion of 5FU. This has been shown to increaseanti-tumor effect. (18).

EXAMPLE 8 CD-Monoclonal Antibody Fusion

CD can be covalently attached to monoclonal antibodies, formingconjugates that bind to antigens on tumor cell surfaces and thustargeting the CD to a specific cell type. This experiment has beenperformed with the S. cerevisiae CD and the combination was specific forthe antibody target (5). A similar effect can be achieved by expressinga CD-Monoclonal antibody fusion protein.

EXAMPLE 9 Suicide Gene Therapy

Preliminary suicide gene therapy in vivo results will be obtained usingthe nude mouse tumor model. The human colon cancer cell line HT29 willbe grown in RPMI supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated calf serum, 2 mMglutamine, 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. Stable HT29cell lines expressing either bacterial or various yeast CD genes(including the humanized C. kefyr CD gene) will be generated by viralinfection using the retroviral vector LZR (Lazarus), or a gene-viralvector based on the adenovirus (19). Cells will be reseeded 24 h afterinfection to allow the formation of single colonies, which will beisolated and tested for CD activity. CD-positive clones will be used togenerate mice tumor models.

Nude female mice (Nu/Nu CD-1, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington,Mass.) of 7-8 weeks will receive injections (s.c.) in the flank with5×10⁶ viable HT29-CD cells, generated above. Tumors will be measuredbiweekly with calipers in 2 dimensions. Tumor volumes will calculated inmm³ using the formula: (3.14/6) (L×W²). When tumors are >50 mm³ andmeasure an average volume of 100-150 mm³, treatment will be started.Mice will receive injections daily (i.p.) with 500 mg/kg 5FC or 25 mg/kg5FU 5 days a week for 2 weeks. Differences in the efficacy betweentreatments will be measured.

Suicide gene therapy has already been tested in several phase I andphase II clinical trials, and both safety and moderate efficacy havebeen shown. However, there is room for improvement of both transfectionefficiencies and gene expression. It is anticipated that the use of agene that codes for a more active 5FC to 5FU converting enzyme willprovide benefit in suicide gene therapy, allowing the use of lower dosesof 5FC. Clinical experiments with the new C. kefyr CD gene will not beundertaken for some time. In the interim, work is underway to optimizethe reaction conditions for the C. kefyr CD protein, to confirm itscytotoxicity in cell toxicity assays, and in the nude mouse xenographictumor model described above. It is anticipated that the C. kefyr CD genewill provide a benefit over the established bacterial gene, and may alsoprove to be an improvement over the S. cerevisiae gene.

EXAMPLE 11 Tumor Response Monitoring

The C. kefyr CD gene or its variants can be used to test an individualtumor cell's response to suicide gene therapy in vitro. Candidate tumorcells are transfected as above, and their responsiveness to the therapyassayed either in vitro or in the mouse tumor model. The tumor cells canbe established tumor cell lines, or tumor cells biopsied from anindividual. In this way, tumors most likely to benefit from suicide genetherapy using the CK gene can be identified.

CITES: All citations are hereby expressly incorporated by reference andare relisted here for convenience:

-   1. Fertil B, et al., Radiat. Res. (1984) 99: 83-93.-   2. Di Vito M, et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1986)    29(2):303-8.-   3. Lawrence T S, Cancer Res. (1988) 48: 725-730.-   4. Huber B E, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (1991) 88:8039-8043.-   5. Senter P D, et al., Bioconjug. Chem. (1991) 2(6):447-51.-   6. Freeman S M, et al., Cancer Res. (1993) 53:5274-5283.-   7. Higgins D G, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. (1994) 22:4673-80.-   8. Sutton M A, et al., J Urol. (1996) 155:321.-   9. Erbs P, et al., Curr. Genet. (1997) 31(1):1-6.-   10. Hayden M S, et al., Protein Expr. Purif. (1998) 12(2):173-84.-   11. WO9960008A1: CYTOSINE DEAMINASE GENE (from S. cerevisae).-   12. Blom N, et al., J. Mol. Biol. (1999) 294(5): 1351-1362.-   13. Hamstra D A, et al., Hum. Gene Ther. (1999) 10(12):1993-2003.-   14. Tatusova T A & Madden T L, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (1999)    174:247-250.-   15. Erbs P, et al., Cancer Res. (2000) 60(14):3813-22.-   16. Kievit E, et al., Cancer Res. 59, 1417-1421, Apr. 1, 1999-   17. Martino R, et al., Curr Drug Metab. 2000 November; 1(3):271-303.-   18. Nakamura H, et al., Cancer Res. 2001 Jul. 15; 61(14):5447-52.-   19. Qian Q, et al., Chin Med J (Engl) 2002 August; 115(8):1213-1217;    13: Ganly I, et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Mar; 6(3):798-806.

1. An isolated antibody that specifically binds to an antigenic fragmentof SEQ ID NO:
 2. 2. The antibody of claim 1 that binds to a peptidecomprising residues 32-43, 58-79, or 110-139 of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. Theantibody of claim 1 that binds to a peptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23 orSEQ ID NO:
 24. 4. An isolated monoclonal antibody that binds anantigenic fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 5. The monoclonal antibody of claim4 that binds to a peptide comprising residues 32-43, 58-79, or 110-139of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 6. The monoclonal antibody of claim 4 that binds to apeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 23 or SEQ ID NO:
 24. 7. A method ofdetecting Candida kefyr cytosine deaminase (CD) protein comprising: a)providing a CD; b) exposing said CD to an isolated antibody which bindsto SEQ ID NO: 2; c) detecting said antibody binding.
 8. The method ofclaim 7 wherein said antibody binds an antigenic peptide selected fromthe group consisting residues 32-43 of SEQ ID NO: 2, 58-79 of SEQ ID NO:2, 110-139 of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO: 24 .